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Approaching the past: a tangled interplay of memory, political choices and historical science. With examples from the Nordic and Baltic countries and Romania

Jardar Seim
The Norwegian Historical Association, E-mail: jardar.seim@online.no

DOI number: 10.53604/rjbns.v7i2_5

Jardar Seim (2015), Approaching the past: a tangled interplay of memory, political choices and historical science. With examples from the Nordic and Baltic countries and Romania. RJBNS 7(2), 55-68. DOI: 10.53604/rjbns.v7i2_5. https://balticnordic.hypotheses.org/files/2018/12/07.-Seim.pdf

Acknowledgements
This paper was presented at the Sixth international conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania, Historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity: Romania, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in comparison, organized by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, Faculty of History and Political Sciences of Ovidius University of Constanța and International Summer School of The University of Oslo, Norway, May 22-23, 2015. Supported by a grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, The EEA Fund for Bilateral Relations, contract no. 910/20.03.2015.

Abstract:
A discussion of topics connected with “historical memory” and “politics of memory” presupposes that we consider how and why we are approaching the past. In this paper I shall point to some ways the past is being approached by individuals, social groups and political authorities – and some reasons for such approaches. But I shall also consider the opposite choice, that of not wanting to get closer to the past, preferring instead to keep a safe distance or even to ignore it, at least painful parts of it. Memories in different forms are important in our approaches to the past. The same is true for scientific history. The interplay between memory and historical science is complicated in itself. The existence of political guidance or explicit political provisions concerning the past makes it even more complicated to understand how our relations with the past are shaped and what their functions are in a given society. In my opinion, it is impossible to generalize about such problems. But comparisons may be fruitful, for instance presentations of wars in school textbooks from different countries, or how succeeding political regimes in one country try to charge the urban landscape with a new (or old) political meaning that legitimizes the present regime or demonize another one, by changing street names, erecting or destroying monuments etc. National anthems are another field that is suited for meaningful comparisons. And even communal or personal memories that are studied without a comparison or generalization in mind may provide ideas and perspectives for dealing with quite different memories under other political conditions. Finally, the role of the presumed scientific historian ought to be examined a little. Is he or she just a rational and neutral judge of the past – compared to ordinary people with undocumented and emotional memories, or to politicians with ideological motives for approaching the past?

Rezumat:
O discuţie referitoare la subiecte legate de „memoria istorică” şi „politicile memoriei” presupune luarea în considerare a cum şi de ce abordăm trecutul. În această lucrare voi arăta câteva modalităţi în care trecutul este abordat de persoane, grupuri sociale şi autorităţi politice – şi câteva motive pentru astfel de abordări. Dar voi lua în considerare şi varianta contrară, aceea de a nu dori apropierea de trecut, preferând în schimb păstrarea unei distanţe de siguranţă, sau chiar ignorarea acestuia, cel puţin a unor momente dureroase ale lui. Memoriile în diferite forme sunt importante în abordările noastre vizavi de trecut. Acelaşi lucru este valabil pentru istoria ştiinţifică. Interacţiunea dintre memorie şi ştiinţa istorică este complicată în sine. Existenţa unei îndrumări politice sau a unor prevederi politice explicite referitoare la trecut face şi mai complicată înţelegerea modului în care sunt modelate relaţiile noastre cu trecutul şi a funcţiilor lor într-o anumită societate. În opinia mea, este imposibilă generalizarea unor astfel de probleme. Dar comparaţiile pot fi prolifice, de pildă prezentarea războaielor în manualele şcolare din diverse ţări sau a modului în care regimurile politice succesive dintr-o ţară încearcă să schimbe peisajul urban cu un înţeles politic nou (sau vechi), care legitimează regimul actual sau demonizează un altul, prin schimbarea numelor de străzi, ridicarea sau distrugerea de monumente etc. Imnurile naţionale sunt un alt domeniu potrivit pentru comparaţii semnificative. Chiar memorii colective sau personale care sunt studiate fără a avea în minte o comparaţie sau o generalizare pot furniza idei şi perspective pentru a trata memorii destul de diferite în alte circumstanţe politice. În cele din urmă, ar trebui să fie examinat puţin rolul presupusului istoric ştiinţific. Este el sau ea doar un judecător raţional şi neutru al trecutului – comparat cu oamenii obişnuiţi cu amintiri nedocumentate şi emoţionale sau cu politicienii cu raţiuni ideologice de abordare a trecutului?

Keywords: Scandinavia; Romania; Baltic countries; memory; history; comparison

https://balticnordic.hypotheses.org/files/2018/12/07.-Seim.pdf